Recent progress in trifluoromethylation: strategies and Applications
In the field of organic synthesis, the introduction of trifluoromethyl (-cf ₃) can significantly change the physical, chemical and biological properties of organic molecules and endow compounds with unique properties. In recent years, trifluoromethylation reaction technology has been continuously innovated, and new strategies and methods have emerged in an endless stream, providing a powerful tool for the construction of complex organic molecules.
Transition metal catalyzed trifluoromethylation is one of the current research hotspots. Using palladium, copper, nickel and other metals as catalysts, researchers have developed a variety of efficient trifluoromethylation reaction systems. For example, the palladium catalyzed system can realize the cross coupling reaction between aryl halides and trifluoromethylation reagents. Under mild conditions, the introduction of -cf ₃ into the aromatic ring has good regional selectivity and functional group compatibility. This method has been widely used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates, pesticides and functional materials. At the same time, copper catalyzed trifluoromethylation reaction also showed unique advantages, with low cost of catalyst and relatively mild reaction conditions. It can be used for trifluoromethylation modification of alkenyl and alkynyl compounds, providing a convenient way for the synthesis of unsaturated compounds containing trifluoromethyl.
As a new technology, photocatalytic trifluoromethylation has the characteristics of mild reaction conditions, green and environmental protection, and has become the research focus in recent years. By designing suitable photocatalysts, such as organic dyes and semiconductor photocatalysts, the reaction system was excited by the energy of visible light to achieve the generation and transfer of trifluoromethyl radicals. This method not only avoids the use of high temperature, high pressure and strong oxidant in the traditional reaction, but also accurately introduces the -cf ₃ group in the post modification of complex molecules, which greatly expands the application scope of trifluoromethylation reaction. With the deepening of research, the strategies and methods of trifluoromethylation reaction will continue to be enriched and improved, and continue to promote the development of organic synthetic chemistry.